fig4

Figure 4. Local concentration electrolytes regulate SEI for dendrite-inhibited SMAs. (A) Solvation and interfacial structures of superhigh and ultralow concentrated electrolytes. Reproduced with permission from^[85]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (B) Voltage profiles for Na/Na symmetric cells running in O₂ with NaCF₃SO₃/TEGDME electrolytes in various concentrations. Reproduced with permission from^[86]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (C) Diagram of dilution from a HCE to a LHCE. (D) Atomic ratios of SEI layer after the 10th stripping of Na//Cu cells using dilute, HCE, and LHCE. Reproduced with permission from^[45]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (E) Diagram of interface behavior Na⁺ deposition. (F-H) Deposition morphology of sodium anode with different concentrations of electrolyte. (E-H) Reproduced with permission from^[88]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. SEI: Solid electrolyte interphase; SMAs: sodium metal anodes; LHCE: local high-concentration electrolyte.